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And under Roosevelt’s skillful guidance the nation, albeit grudgingly, was very slowly building up its military strength.Īs 1941 rolled along, it became apparent, even to the man in the street, that the most pressing danger lay in the Far East. Roosevelt, had understood the almost inexorable logic of events that pointed to our eventual involvement either in the conflict which Hitler had begun in Europe or that in Asia between Japan and China-or both.
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Since 1939 the top military authorities of the nation, including President Franklin D. Upon the Army lay the responsibility for furthering the offensive powers of the fleet by protecting its great Pearl Harbor base by safeguarding the Panama Canal, the Navy’s life line from the Atlantic to the Pacific and by defending the advanced Philippine delaying position, which in military opinion was likely to be Japan’s initial target. Immobilization or destruction of that fleet would be the greatest damage Japan could inflict on the United States. The doctrine was that the United States Navy-and in particular its Pacific Fleet-was the essential element to American success in a Pacific war. doctrine for the defense of the Pacific in such a war. All accepted without question the basic elements of U.S. The thinking and attitudes of these four men were shaped by two decades of unanimous opinion among American soldiers and sailors that someday Japan would clash with the United States in a struggle for predominance in the vast Pacific Ocean. Close personal friends, both were highly respected by their naval colleagues. Both had risen to their high positions in the Navy following exemplary command and staff service at sea and on shore. Early in 1941 he had been chosen by Marshall to command the Hawaiian Department.īoth Stark and Kimmel had graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis-Stark in 1903, Kimmel a year later. Short, a graduate of the University of Illinois, had entered the Army from civilian life in 1901. Later he had taken a prominent part in developing the Army’s Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. Marshall, product of the Virginia Military Institute, had a well-deserved reputation for brilliant staff work under Pershing in France in World War I. Kimmel his headquarters was also on Oahu, overlooking the great Navy base at Pearl Harbor. Commanding the United States Pacific Fleet was Rear Admiral Husband E.
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Short commanded the Hawaiian Department, the Army’s most vital overseas outpost.
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On the Hawaiian island of Oahu, Lieutenant General Walter C. In a nearby office sat his Navy counterpart, Admiral Harold R. Marshall, Chief of Staff, was responsible for the entire United States Army and all of its installations.
#RED ALERT 3 PEARL HARBOR PROFESSIONAL#
The information was largely ignored the preparations were utterly inadequate.Īt the moment of the attack four professional military men filled posts of vital importance. The United States government, its senior military leaders, and its commanders in Hawaii had had sufficient information to be adequately warned that an attack was possible, and had had time to be prepared to thwart or to blunt the blow. But as to the disaster itself, the military record is clear.Ī well-planned and brilliantly executed surprise attack by Japanese carrier-based aircraft was launched against the major American bastion in the Pacific. As in most wars, the political and diplomatic background was so complex and confused as to defy definitive analysis-though this has not prevented historians and others from making the attempt. The worst disaster in the military annals of the United States had ushered us into World War II. Our army air strength in Hawaii-the Japanese found its planes ranged neatly wing to wing on airfield ramps-was a tangled mass of smoking wreckage. When it was over, the battleships of our Pacific Fleet, moored by pairs in their Pearl Harbor base, had received a mortal blow. on Sunday, December 7,1941, a devastating Japanese aerial attack struck the island of Oahu, Territory of Hawaii.